Synthesis and Characterization of <i>Citrus limonum</i> Copper Nanoparticles and Its <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Against JURKAT Cells

Background Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible agents reported for extensive biomedical bioengineering applications. Different chemical synthesis approaches have been established recently, with challenges of higher toxicity high cost involved in the process. Green synthesized emerged was extensively to address faced by traditional processes. However, remains a significant challenge translating green into clinically valuable products. Purpose To synthesize, characterize, evaluate citrus extract-based CuNps cytotoxicity against JURKAT cell lines. Methods An aqueous extract fruit used as reducing agent, were synthesized. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm CuNp its structure. Furthermore, effect CuNPs on viability evaluated mitochondrial tests (MTT) LDH assays Results Conclusion The nanoparticle’s size ranged from 40 70 nm, confirmed through nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) SEM. be anti-proliferative percent found MTT leakage assays. shape studied SEM 30–70 nm more or less spherical. 64.87% inhibition at 320 µg/mL an IC 50 value 80.78 ( p &lt; 0.05). Cytotoxicity measured assay 53.12 ± 0.89% 23.12 0.39 when compared positive control (11.21 0.15 µg/mL). Green-synthesized exhibited potential anticancerous activity lines, evidenced